Summary of an address given by Zakia Khan from Interfem the feminist antiracist think-tank Feministid tulevad kell kolm conference in Tallinn, Estonia, 27 November 2010.
In the first part of this talk I will give you the background and motivations for starting Interfem and some of the ideological origins of antiracist feminism in Sweden. I will start by covering a number of the central concepts and ideas that are the focal point of our think-tank. I will discuss institutionalised and structural racism and the “invisibilisation” of racist structures and practices, and why we never talk in terms of gender equality, integration, diversity and multiculturalism. I will compare the concepts of anti-racism and contra_racism: Can a white person be antiracist?
In the second part of this talk, against the background of the concepts and ideas I have presented earlier, I will discuss the violence undocumented migrant women face and the institutionalised racism that let society – that is to say those individuals privileged with citizenship – accept and ignore the vulnerability, violence and appalling conditions undocumented migrant women face.
If you are expecting sob stories of individual plights, I am afraid you will be disappointed. The issues here are not the plight of unfortunates, but the dehumanisation and “invisibilisation” that our legal frameworks and institutional practises create for a group marked as inferior through collective condemnation based on notions of class, race, skin-colour, and the inferiority of certain religions, which, in Europe, is almost always Islam.
Antiracist feminism
Anti-Racist Feminism is characterized by an intersectional approach that asks: In a world permeated by structures of domination and oppression how do such social constructs as racism and sexism interact?
As the name suggests, anti-racism is implicitly based on the rejection of the multicultural approach, which overwhelmingly focuses on the celebration of ‘difference’ and culture without challenging power and injustice. By asking us to tolerate differences, the multicultural approach is incapable of going beyond the assumption that human beings can be assigned to discrete groups which posses a natural set of different characteristics.
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is a term we can use to describe how various socially and culturally constructed categories of discrimination interact on multiple and often simultaneous levels, contributing to systematic social inequality. Intersectionality holds that the classical models of oppression within society, such as those based on race/ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, class, or disability do not act independently of one another; instead, these forms of oppression interrelate creating a system of oppression that reflects the "intersection" of multiple forms of discrimination.
Structural, cultural, institutionalised and racialised violence
Structural violence is a form of violence based on the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. Institutionalized elitism, ethnocentrism, classism, racism, sexism, adultism, nationalism, heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence. Structural violence and direct violence are highly interdependent. Structural violence inevitably produces conflict and oftendirect violence, including family violence, racial violence, hate crimes, terrorism, genocide, and war.
Cultural violence
'Cultural violence' refers to aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science. Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence look or feel "right," or at least not wrong.
Colonial Mentality
Is the idea that people, once subject to colonial or imperial rule, latch onto physical and cultural differences between the foreigners and themselves, leading some to associate power and success with the foreigners' ways. This eventually leads to the foreigners' ways being regarded as the better way and being held in a higher esteem than previous indigenous ways. In much the same fashion, and with the same reasoning of better-ness, the colonised may over time equate the colonisers' race or ethnicity itself as being responsible for their superiority.
White privilege
Whiteness refers to the cultural, historical and sociological aspects of people identified as white, and the social construction of whiteness as an ideology tied to social status. There are social, political, and cultural advantages accorded to whites. These advantages seem invisible to most whites, but obvious to others: whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege.
Who decides what racism is?
Q: Who has the right to define racism? A: The individuals who feel themselves aggrieved. I can illustrate this issue with the examples of the Swedish debate initiated by the ice-cream “Nogger Black”. 94.9 % of Aftonbladet's readers thought that the name was not racist; and the “Nigger Quarter” in the Swedish town Karlstad.
Quoting the official response of the the National Land Survey: “it is unlikely that many people perceive the name as offensive.” The response goes on "Rather, one should perceive the name as an exotic and imaginative".
A liberal politician: “There is an old name, and if we continue to remove names that some feel offended by it will in the future we will have an immensely poor cultural history.”
“Anti-Racist solidarity is achieved only when basic conditions for self-definition, self-activity, and community organization have been met… It may be defined as the conscious coordination of anti-racist commitment and action across ethnonational and racial boundaries. Put another way, effectiveness in anti-racist mobilization depends on the ability to make allies. What is living and useful about the rather debased construct of multiculturalism, what is politically meaningful about it, can be identified with this concept of solidarity." – Howard Winant, The World is a Ghetto
Question: How does one deal with white privileges and positions of difference and how does one combat racism if there is no united anti-racist movement?
Undocumented migrant women and violence
Traditionally undocumented migrants have been represented as male workers, and women have only been considered as migrants in the context of family reunification. The “invisibilisation” of women migrants means that many of the rights abuses and violence to which they are subject are under-reported or ignored.
Gender-related persecutions and violence may be the cause of women’s decision to migrate, but gender-related violence may not be recognised as a basis for protection in the country to which they migrate. Female migrants face additional risks while attempting to reach their destination. These include:
Sexual harassment and violence by border guards or fellow migrants
Being coerced to provide sexual favours in exchange for safe passage for themselves or fellow migrants
Engaging in sex for survival or protection from violence when they are stranded in transit and without livelihood alternatives.
For undocumented migrant and refugee women who are victims of violence, insecurity is reinforced by a lack of protection afforded by the relevant national authorities. At the same time the interaction of gendered and racial discriminations mean that violence against them is not recognised or not taken seriously. Institutional and structural racism may also prevent police and judicial authorities from recognising or taking seriously forms of racist and sexist violence.
Violence against women may encompass the following:
Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation
Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution
Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs.
In Europe, undocumented women face legal and structural barriers which prevent them from having access to essential services such as accommodation, health, education and workplace protection. Systematically exposed to abuse, they risk deportation if they contact the police, are denied access to women’s shelters and are unable to obtain financial assistance granted to victims of violence. The systematic abuse facing undocumented women caught up in Europe’s ‘fight against irregular migration’ remains hidden in the eyes of policy makers.
The network No One is Illegal (Ingen människa är illegal) in Sweden works to provide practical support to undocumented migrants and refugees. In the campaign Ain’t I a woman? for undocumented women's rights to protection from personal, institutional and structural violence, a number of organizations, among others the feminist antiracist think-tank Interfem, collaborate to demand amendments in legislation so that: The Violence Against Women Act takes precedence over the Aliens Act.
The Aliens Act is clarified to ensure a legal practice in which women's asylum claim in itself be regarded as sufficient evidence to lead to permanent residence in the asylum procedure.
Undocumented women involved in a criminal investigation are granted temporary residence permits during police investigation or court proceedings.
References: http://aintiawomankampanjen.wordpress.com/
http://www.picum.org/